Mars Rover Penetrating Radar Modeling and Interpretation Considering Linear Frequency Modulation Source and Tilted Antenna

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has been extensively utilized in deep-space exploration. However, GPR modeling commonly employs simplified antenna models and carrier-free impulse signals, resulting reduced accuracy interpretability. In this paper, we addressed these limitations by combining a tilted monopole linear frequency modulation continuous wave (LFMCW) to simulate real conditions. Additionally, radiation-pattern-compensation back-propagation (RPC-BP) algorithm was developed improve the illumination of right-inclined structure. We first introduced LFMCW used Mars Rover Penetrating Radar (RoPeR) onboard Zhurong rover, where frequencies range from 15 95 MHz. Although signal improves radiation efficiency, it increases data processing complexity. Then, patterns response were analyzed, radiated amplitude varies with frequency. Finally, series numerical laboratory experiments conducted interpret RoPeR data. The results indicate that hyperbolic echoes tilt opposite direction survey direction. This study demonstrates forward considering transmit signals complex can prevent misleading interpretations on exploration missions. Moreover, migration process imaging quality pattern compensation.